Foreign Policy / State Treaty / Allies

In Austria, where the four occupying powers played a major role in shaping political life for a decade, domestic and foreign policy were virtually inseparable in the first years of the Second Republic, and this was to remain the case until 1955.

Austrian foreign policy after 1945 was primarily aimed at establishing good relations with the four Allied occupying powers (the United States, the Soviet Union, France and Great Britain) in order to negotiate a State Treaty that would restore Austria's sovereignty and freedom after the National Socialist rule of 1938–1945.

In January 1947, Austria's first freely elected post-war government, under the overall supervision of the Allied Commission for Austria, attempted to negotiate a peace treaty with the Allied powers in London. Further negotiations were moved to Moscow beginning in March 1947. The Soviet demands were largely agreed to by the ÖVP negotiators under the leadership of two chancellors, Leopold Figl (1945–1953) and Julius Raab 1953–1961). At the same time, the SPÖ negotiators tried not to bow to the Soviet demands without reservation, also in order to maintain the distance between Social Democrats and Communists.

After the communist general strike attempt in 1950 and the intensifying world political tensions following the outbreak of the Korean War, Austria's orientation toward the West reached its peak. This was visibly expressed in the expansion of the Austrian security forces, which took place with Western Allied assistance. The gendarmerie alert formations that had existed since 1949 did not meet Austria’s needs or the American conception of an armed force that could be used to make Austria defensible in three months in the event a State Treaty was negotiated. 

[Gesamttext lesen]